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Initial commit: ADSP-219x disassembler, docs, test ROMs, analysis tools - Standalone Python disassembler for 24-bit ADSP-219x instructions - Complete instruction set reference (PDFs + extracted text) - Architecture documentation and getting-started guide - Test ROM generator with packed (3-byte) and padded (4-byte) formats - r2pipe-based analysis script for radare2 integration
2026-04-12 13:05:38 +00:00
5 SHIFTER INSTRUCTIONS
Figure 5-0.
Table 5-0.
Listing 5-0.
The instruction set provides shifter instructions for performing shift oper-
ations on 16-bit input to yield 40-bit output. Combining these functions,
programs can efficiently implement numeric format control, including
full floating-point representation. Shifter operations include:
• “Arithmetic Shift” on page 5-6
• “Arithmetic Shift Immediate” on page 5-8
• “Logical Shift” on page 5-10
• “Logical Shift Immediate” on page 5-12
• “Normalize” on page 5-14
• “Normalize Immediate” on page 5-17
• “Exponent Derive” on page 5-20
• “Exponent (Block) Adjust” on page 5-23
This chapter describes the individual shifter instructions and the following
related topics:
• “Shifter Registers” on page 5-2
• “Shifter Instruction Options” on page 5-3
• “Shifter Status Flags” on page 5-5
• “Denormalization” on page 5-26
ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference 5-1
Shifter Instructions
For details on condition codes, see “Condition Code (CCODE) Register”
on page 2-6.
Shifter Registers
As shown in Table 5-1, the shifter has five registers.
Table 5-1. Summary of shifter registers
Name Size Description
SR0 16 bits Shifter Result register (low word). SR denotes SR0, SR1, and SR2 combined,
which hold the 40-bit shifter result.
SR1 16 bits Shifter Result register (middle word). This register also functions as the mul-
tiplier’s y-input feedback register. SR denotes SR0, SR1, and SR2 combined,
which hold the 40-bit shifter result.
SR2 16/8 bits Shifter Result register (high byte). SR denotes SR0, SR1, and SR2 combined,
which hold the 40-bit shifter result. Although this register is 16 bits wide, for
shifter operations, only the lower eight bits are used.
SB 16/5 bits Shifter Block exponent register. Although this register is 16 bits wide, for
shifter operations, only the lower five bits are used.
Contains the effective exponent derived from the number with greatest mag-
nitude in a block of numbers. This value provides the shift code for all num-
bers in the block in subsequent NORM or xSHIFT instructions.
The value in this register is sign-extended to form a 16-bit value when trans-
ferred to memory or to other data registers.
Nonshifter instructions can use SB for a 16-bit scratch register.
5-2 ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference
Shifter Instruction Options
Table 5-1. Summary of shifter registers (Cont’d)
Name Size Description
SE 16/8 bits Shifter Exponent register. Although this register is 16 bits wide, for shifter
operations, only the lower eight bits are used.
Contains the effective exponent derived from the input data. This value pro-
vides the shift code for a subsequent NORM or xSHIFT instruction.
The value in this register is sign-extended to form a 16-bit value when trans-
ferred to memory or to other data registers.
Nonshifter instructions can use SE for a 16-bit scratch register.
SI 16 bits Shifter Input register. Provides single-precision twos-complement input to
shifter instructions.
When a shifter operation writes data to SR1, it sign extends the value into
SR2, overwriting the previous contents of SR2.
The SB and SE registers are the result registers for the block exponent
adjust (EXPADJ) operation and derive exponent (EXP) operation, respec-
tively. The shifter input register SI supplies single-precision input data to
any shifter operation, except EXPADJ. To input the result from an ALU or
MAC operation directly, you use the appropriate result register—SR, AR,
or MR.
Shifter Instruction Options
Almost all shifter instructions have two to three options: (HI), (LO), and
(HIX). Each option enables a different exponent detector mode that oper-
ates only while the instruction executes. The shifter interprets and handles
the input data according to the selected mode.
For the derive exponent (EXP) and block exponent adjust ( EXPADJ) opera-
tions, the shifter calculates the shift code—the direction and number of
bits to shift—then stores that value in the SE register. For the ASHIFT,
LSHIFT, and NORM operations, the user can supply the value of the shift
ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference 5-3
Shifter Instructions
code directly to the SE or SB registers or use the result of a previous EXP or
EXPADJ operation.
For the ASHIFT, LSHIFT, and NORM operations:
(HI) Operation references the upper half of the output field.
(LO) Operation references the lower half of the output field.
For the exponent derive (EXP) operation:
(HIX) Use this mode for shifts and normalization of results from ALU
operations.
Input data is the result of an add or subtract operation that may
have overflowed. The shifter examines the ALU overflow bit AV. If
AV=1, the effective exponent of the input is +1 (this value indicates
that overflowed occurred before the EXP operation executed). If
AV=0, no overflow occurred and the shifter performs the same oper-
ations as the (HI) mode.
(HI) Input data is a single-precision signed number or the upper half of
a double-precision signed number. The number of leading sign bits
in the input operand, which equals the number of sign bits minus
one, determines the shift code.
(By default, the EXPADJ operation always operates in this mode.)
(LO) Input data is the lower half of a double-precision signed number.
To derive the exponent on a double-precision number, you must
perform the EXP operation twice, once on the upper half of the
input, and once on the lower half. For details, “Exponent Derive”
on page 5-20.
5-4 ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference
Shifter Status Flags
Shifter Status Flags
Two status flags in the ASTAT register, SS and SV, record the status of
shifter operations.
SS Records the sign of the shifter input operand
SS = 0 positive (+) input
SS = 1 negative (−) input
SV Records overflow or underflow status
SV = 0 no overflow or underflow occurred
SV = 1 overflow or underflow occurred
ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference 5-5
Shifter Instructions
Arithmetic Shift
[IF COND] SR = [SR OR] ASHIFT DREG ( HI ) ;
LO
FUNCTION
Arithmetically shifts the bits of the operand by the amount (number of
bits) and direction specified by the shift code (value) in the SE register. A
positive value produces a left (up) shift, and a negative value produces a
right (down) shift. Optionally, the shift can be based on a half of the
32-bit output field being shifted. For more information on output
options, see “Shifter Instruction Options” on page 5-3.
If execution is based on a condition, the shifter performs the operation
only if the condition evaluates true, and it performs a NOP operation if the
condition evaluates false. Omitting the condition forces unconditional
execution of the instruction.
With the SR OR option selected, the shifter ORs the shifted output with
the current contents of the SR register and stores that value in SR. Other-
wise, it overwrites the current contents of the SR register with the shifted
output.
INPUT
The input operand, the value to shift, is supplied in a data register. You
can use any of these data registers for the DREG inputs:
Register File
AX0, AX1, AY0, AY1, AR, MX0, MX1, MY0, MY1, MR0, MR1, MR2, SR0, SR1, SR2, SI
OUTPUT
SR Shifter result register contains 40-bit result.
5-6 ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference
Arithmetic Shift
STATUS FLAGS
Affected Flags–set or cleared by the operation Unaffected Flags
SV AZ, AN, AV, AC, AS, AQ, SS, MV
For information on these status bits in the ASTAT register, see Table 2-2 on page 2-5.
DETAILS
The shifter sign-extends the 40-bit result to the left, replicating the MSB
of the input, and it zero-fills the 40-bit result from the right. Bits shifted
out past either boundary (SR39 or SR0) are dropped.
To shift a double-precision number, you shift both halves of the input
data separately, using the same shift code value for both halves. You
ASHIFT the upper half of the input data but LSHIFT the lower half. The
first cycle, you ASHIFT the upper half of the input using the (HI) option.
The second cycle, you LSHIFT the lower half using both the (LO) and SR OR
options. Using these options prevents the shifter from sign-extending the
MSB of the low word and from overwriting the output (upper word) from
the previous ASHIFT operation.
EXAMPLES
AR = 3; SE = AR; /* shift code, left shift 3 bits */
SI = 0xB6A3; /* value of upper word of input data */
SR = ASHIFT SI (HI); /* arithmetically shift high word */
SEE ALSO
• “Type 16: Shift Reg0” on page 9-38
• “Condition Code (CCODE) Register” on page 2-6
• “Mode Status (MSTAT) Register” on page 2-11
ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference 5-7
Shifter Instructions
Arithmetic Shift Immediate
SR = [SR OR] ASHIFT DREG BY <imm8> ( HI ) ;
LO
FUNCTION
Arithmetically shifts the bits of the operand by the amount (number of
bits) and direction specified by the immediate value. Valid immediate val-
ues range from −128 to 127. A positive value produces a left (up) shift, and
a negative value produces a right (down) shift. Optionally, the shift can be
based on a half of the 32-bit output field being shifted. For more informa-
tion on output options, see “Shifter Instruction Options” on page 5-3.
With the SR OR option selected, the shifter ORs the shifted output with
the current contents of the SR register and stores that value in SR. Other-
wise, it overwrites the current contents of the SR register with the shifted
output.
INPUT
The input operand, the value to shift, is supplied in a data register. You
can use any of these data registers for the DREG inputs:
Register File
AX0, AX1, AY0, AY1, AR, MX0, MX1, MY0, MY1, MR0, MR1, MR2, SR0, SR1, SR2, SI
OUTPUT
SR Shifter result register contains 40-bit result.
5-8 ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference
Arithmetic Shift Immediate
STATUS FLAGS
Affected Flags–set or cleared by the operation Unaffected Flags
SV AZ, AN, AV, AC, AS, AQ, SS, MV
For information on these status bits in the ASTAT register, see Table 2-2 on page 2-5.
DETAILS
The shifter sign-extends the 40-bit result to the left, replicating the MSB
of the input, and it zero-fills the 40-bit result from the right. Bits shifted
out past either boundary (SR39 or SR0) are dropped.
To shift a double-precision number, you shift both halves of the input
data separately, using the same immediate value for both halves. You ASH-
IFT the upper half of the input data but LSHIFT the lower half. The first
cycle, you ASHIFT the upper half of the input using the (HI) option. The
second cycle, you LSHIFT the lower half using both the (LO) and SR OR
options. Using these options prevents the shifter from sign-extending the
MSB of the low word and from overwriting the output (upper word) from
the previous ASHIFT operation.
EXAMPLES
SI = 0xB6A3; /* value of upper word of input data */
SR = ASHIFT SI BY 3 (HI);/* arithmetically shift upper word */
SEE ALSO
• “Type 15: Shift Data8” on page 9-37
• “Condition Code (CCODE) Register” on page 2-6
• “Mode Status (MSTAT) Register” on page 2-11
ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference 5-9
Shifter Instructions
Logical Shift
[IF COND] SR = [SR OR] LSHIFT DREG ( HI ) ;
LO
FUNCTION
Logically shifts the bits of the operand by the amount (number of bits)
and direction specified by the shift code (value) in the SE register. A posi-
tive value produces a left (up) shift, and a negative value produces a right
(down) shift. Optionally, the shift can be based on a half of the 32-bit
output field being shifted. For more information on output options, see
“Shifter Instruction Options” on page 5-3.
If execution is based on a condition, the shifter performs the operation
only if the condition evaluates true, and it performs a NOP operation if the
condition evaluates false. Omitting the condition forces unconditional
execution of the instruction.
With the SR OR option selected, the shifter ORs the shifted output with
the current contents of the SR register and stores that value in SR. Other-
wise, it overwrites the current contents of the SR register with the shifted
output.
INPUT
The input operand, the value to shift, is supplied in a data register. You
can use any of these data registers for the DREG inputs:
Register File
AX0, AX1, AY0, AY1, AR, MX0, MX1, MY0, MY1, MR0, MR1, MR2, SR0, SR1, SR2, SI
OUTPUT
SR Shifter result register contains 40-bit result.
5-10 ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference
Logical Shift
STATUS FLAGS
Affected Flags–set or cleared by the operation Unaffected Flags
SV AZ, AN, AV, AC, AS, AQ, SS, MV
For information on these status bits in the ASTAT register, see Table 2-2 on page 2-5.
DETAILS
For left shifts (positive shift code), the shifter zero-fills the 40-bit result
from the right. Bits shifted out past the high-order boundary (SR39) are
dropped.
For right shifts (negative shift code), the shifter zero-fills the 40-bit result
from the left. Bits shifted out past the low-order boundary (SR0) are
dropped.
To shift a double-precision number, you shift both halves of the input
data separately, using the same shift code value for both halves. The first
cycle, you LSHIFT the upper half of the input using the (HI) option. The
second cycle, you LSHIFT the lower half using both the (LO) and SR OR
options. Using these options prevents the shifter from overwriting the
result (upper word) from the previous LSHIFT operation.
EXAMPLES
AR = 3; SE = AR; /* shift code left shift 3 bits */
AX0 = 0x765D; /* value of lower word of input data */
SR = SR OR LSHIFT AX0(LO);/* logically shift low word */
SEE ALSO
• “Type 16: Shift Reg0” on page 9-38
• “Condition Code (CCODE) Register” on page 2-6
• “Mode Status (MSTAT) Register” on page 2-11
ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference 5-11
Shifter Instructions
Logical Shift Immediate
SR = [SR OR] LSHIFT BY <imm8> ( HI ) ;
LO
FUNCTION
Logically shifts the bits of the operand by the amount (number of bits)
and direction specified by the immediate value. Valid immediate values
range from −128 to 127. A positive value produces a left (up) shift, and a
negative value produces a right (down) shift. Optionally, the shift can be
based on a half of the 32-bit output field being shifted. For more informa-
tion on output options, see “Shifter Instruction Options” on page 5-3.
With the SR OR option selected, the shifter ORs the shifted output with
the current contents of the SR register and stores that value in SR. Other-
wise, it overwrites the current contents of the SR register with the shifted
output.
INPUT
The input operand, the value to shift, is supplied in a data register. You
can use any of these data registers for the DREG inputs:
Register File
AX0, AX1, AY0, AY1, AR, MX0, MX1, MY0, MY1, MR0, MR1, MR2, SR0, SR1, SR2, SI
OUTPUT
SR Shifter result register contains 40-bit result.
5-12 ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference
Logical Shift Immediate
STATUS FLAGS
Affected Flags–set or cleared by the operation Unaffected Flags
SV AZ, AN, AV, AC, AS, AQ, SS, MV
For information on these status bits in the ASTAT register, see Table 2-2 on page 2-5.
DETAILS
For left shifts (positive shift code), the shifter zero-fills the 40-bit result
from the right. Bits shifted out past the high-order boundary (SR39) are
dropped.
For right shifts (negative shift code), the shifter zero-fills the 40-bit result
from the left. Bits shifted out past the low-order boundary (SR0) are
dropped.
To shift a double-precision number, you shift both halves of the input
data separately, using the same shift code value for both halves. The first
cycle, you LSHIFT the upper half of the input using the (HI) option. The
second cycle, you LSHIFT the lower half using both the (LO) and SR OR
options. Using these options prevents the shifter from overwriting the
result (upper word) from the previous LSHIFT operation.
EXAMPLES
SI = 0xFF6A; /* single-precision input */
SR = SR OR LSHIFT SI BY 3 (LO); /* logically shift low word */
SEE ALSO
• “Type 15: Shift Data8” on page 9-37
• “Condition Code (CCODE) Register” on page 2-6
• “Mode Status (MSTAT) Register” on page 2-11
ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference 5-13
Shifter Instructions
Normalize
[IF COND] SR = [SR OR] NORM DREG ( HI ) ;
LO
FUNCTION
Normalization, in essence, is a fixed- to floating-point conversion opera-
tion that produces an exponent and a mantissa. Optionally, the operation
can be based on a half of the 32-bit output field being shifted. For more
information on output options, see “Shifter Instruction Options” on page
5-3.
Normalization using this instruction is a two step process that requires:
• The EXP instruction to derive the exponent for the shift code.
• The NORM instruction to shift the twos-complement input by the cal-
culated shift code, removing its redundant sign bits and aligning its
true sign bit to the high-order bit of the output field.
The EXP operation calculates the number of redundant sign bits in the
input and stores the negative of that value in SE. The NORM operation
negates the value in SE again to generate a positive shift code, ensuring
that the input is shifted left.
If execution is based on a condition, the shifter performs the operation
only if the condition evaluates true, and it performs a NOP operation if the
condition evaluates false. Omitting the condition forces unconditional
execution of the instruction.
With the SR OR option selected, the shifter ORs the shifted output with
the current contents of the SR register and stores that value in SR. Other-
wise, it overwrites the current contents of the SR register with the shifted
output.
5-14 ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference
Normalize
INPUT
The input operand, the value to shift, is supplied in a data register. You
can use any of these data registers for the DREG inputs:
Register File
AX0, AX1, AY0, AY1, AR, MX0, MX1, MY0, MY1, MR0, MR1, MR2, SR0, SR1, SR2, SI
OUTPUT
SR Shifter result register contains 40-bit result.
STATUS FLAGS
Affected Flags–set or cleared by the operation Unaffected Flags
SV AZ, AN, AV, AC, AS, AQ, SS, MV
For information on these status bits in the ASTAT register, see Table 2-2 on page 2-5.
DETAILS
The (HI) and (LO) options determine how unused bits in the 40-bit out-
put are filled. When the (HI) option is selected, the shifter zero-fills the
40-bit result from the right. When the (LO) option is selected, the shifter
zero-fills the 40-bit result to the left. Bits shifted out past the high-order
boundary (SR39) are dropped.
To normalize a double-precision number, you normalize both halves of
the input data separately, using the same shift code value for both halves.
First, you use the EXP instruction to derive the exponent to use for the
shift code. Then, in the first normalization cycle, you NORM the upper half
of the input using the (HI) option. The next cycle, you NORM the lower half
using both the (LO) and SR OR options. Using these options prevents the
ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference 5-15
Shifter Instructions
shifter from overwriting the result (upper word) from the previous NORM
operation.
EXAMPLES
/* Normalize double-precision twos complement data: */
AX1 = 0xF6D4; /* load hi 2s comp data in dreg */
AX0 = 0x04A2; /* load lo 2s comp data in dreg */
SE = EXP AX1 (HI); /* derive exponent on hi word */
SE = EXP AX0 (LO); /* derive exponent on lo word */
SR = NORM AX1 (HI); /* normalize hi word */
SR = SR OR NORM AX0 (LO); /* normalize lo word */
SEE ALSO
• “Type 16: Shift Reg0” on page 9-38
• “Denormalization” on page 5-26
• “Condition Code (CCODE) Register” on page 2-6
• “Mode Status (MSTAT) Register” on page 2-11
5-16 ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference
Normalize Immediate
Normalize Immediate
SR = [SR OR] NORM DREG BY <imm8> ( HI ) ;
LO
FUNCTION
Normalization, in essence, is a fixed- to floating-point conversion opera-
tion that produces an exponent and a mantissa. Using a positive constant
for the shift code, it is a one step process that shifts the twos-complement
input left by the specified amount, removing its redundant sign bits and
aligning its true sign bit to the high-order bit of the output field. Option-
ally, the operation can be based on a half of the 32-bit output field being
shifted. For more information on output options, see “Shifter Instruction
Options” on page 5-3.
With the SR OR option selected, the shifter ORs the shifted output with
the current contents of the SR register and stores that value in SR. Other-
wise, it overwrites the current contents of the SR register with the shifted
output.
INPUT
The input operand, the value to shift, is supplied in a data register. You
can use any of these data registers for the DREG inputs:
Register File
AX0, AX1, AY0, AY1, AR, MX0, MX1, MY0, MY1, MR0, MR1, MR2, SR0, SR1, SR2, SI
OUTPUT
SR Shifter result register contains 40-bit result.
ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference 5-17
Shifter Instructions
STATUS FLAGS
Affected Flags–set or cleared by the operation Unaffected Flags
SV AZ, AN, AV, AC, AS, AQ, SS, MV
For information on these status bits in the ASTAT register, see Table 2-2 on page 2-5.
DETAILS
The (HI) and (LO) options determine how unused bits in the 40-bit out-
put are filled. When the (HI) option is selected, the shifter zero-fills the
40-bit result from the right. When the (LO) option is selected, the shifter
zero-fills the 40-bit result to the left. Bits shifted out past the high-order
boundary (SR39) are dropped.
To normalize a double-precision number, you normalize both halves of
the input data separately, using the immediate value for both halves. In
the first normalization cycle, you NORM the upper half of the input using
the (HI) option. The next cycle, you NORM the lower half using both the
(LO) and SR OR options. Using these options prevents the shifter from
overwriting the result (upper word) from the previous NORM operation.
EXAMPLES
/* Normalize a double-precision, twos-complement data: */
AX1 = 0xF6D4; /* load hi 2s comp data in dreg */
AX0 = 0x04A2; /* load lo 2s comp data in dreg */
SR = NORM AX1 BY 2 (HI); /* normalize hi word */
SR = SR OR NORM AX0 BY 2 (LO);/* normalize lo word */
SEE ALSO
• “Type 15: Shift Data8” on page 9-37
• “Denormalization” on page 5-26
5-18 ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference
Normalize Immediate
• “Condition Code (CCODE) Register” on page 2-6
• “Mode Status (MSTAT) Register” on page 2-11
ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference 5-19
Shifter Instructions
Exponent Derive
[IF COND] SE = EXP DREG ( HIX ) ;
HI
LO
FUNCTION
Derives the effective exponent of the input operand to generate the shift
code value for use in a subsequent normalization operation. The instruc-
tion option, (HIX), (HI), or (LO), determines the resulting shift code. For
more information on output options, see “Shifter Instruction Options” on
page 5-3.
If execution is based on a condition, the shifter performs the operation
only if the condition evaluates true, and it performs a NOP operation if the
condition evaluates false. Omitting the condition forces unconditional
execution of the instruction.
INPUT
The input operand, the value to shift, is supplied in a data register. You
can use any of these data registers for the DREG inputs:
Register File
AX0, AX1, AY0, AY1, AR, MX0, MX1, MY0, MY1, MR0, MR1, MR2, SR0, SR1, SR2, SI
OUTPUT
SE Shifter exponent register contains the 8-bit shift code.
5-20 ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference
Exponent Derive
STATUS FLAGS
Affected Flags–set or cleared by the operation Unaffected Flags
SS (Affected by operations using the (HI) and AZ, AN, AV, AC, AS, AQ, MV, SV
(HIX) options only. Set by the MSB of the input
data when AV = 0. In (HIX) mode only, set by the
inverted MSB of the input data when AV = 1.)
For information on these status bits in the ASTAT register, see Table 2-2 on page 2-5.
DETAILS
You use the (LO) option only to derive the exponent for the low word in a
double-precision twos-complement number. But before you do, you must
derive the exponent on the high word using either the (HI) or the (HIX)
option. The result of the EXP operation on the upper half determines the
shift code of the lower half. Unless the upper half contains all sign bits,
the SE register contains the correct shift code to use for both EXP (HI/HIX)
and (LO) operations. If the upper half does contain all sign bits, EXP (LO)
totals the number of sign bits in the double-precision word and stores that
value in SE.
EXAMPLES
/* Normalize double-precision twos complement data: */
AX1 = 0xF6D4; /* load hi 2s comp data in dreg */
AX0 = 0x04A2; /* load lo 2s comp data in dreg */
SE = EXP AX1 (HI); /* derive exponent on hi word */
SE = EXP AX0 (LO); /* derive exponent on lo word */
SR = NORM AX1 (HI); /* normalize hi word */
SR = SR OR NORM AX0 (LO); /* normalize lo word */
ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference 5-21
Shifter Instructions
SEE ALSO
• “Type 16: Shift Reg0” on page 9-38
• “Condition Code (CCODE) Register” on page 2-6
• “Mode Status (MSTAT) Register” on page 2-11
5-22 ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference
Exponent (Block) Adjust
Exponent (Block) Adjust
[IF COND] SB = EXPADJ DREG ;
FUNCTION
Derives the effective exponent of the number of largest magnitude in a
block of numbers. Using this value for the shift code in subsequent NORM
instructions, you can normalize each number in the block.
If execution is based on a condition, the shifter performs the operation
only if the condition evaluates true, and it performs a NOP operation if the
condition evaluates false. Omitting the condition forces unconditional
execution of the instruction.
INPUT
The input operand, the value to shift, is supplied in a data register. You
can use any of these data registers for the DREG inputs:
Register File
AX0, AX1, AY0, AY1, AR, MX0, MX1, MY0, MY1, MR0, MR1, MR2, SR0, SR1, SR2, SI
OUTPUT
SB Shifter block exponent register contains the 5-bit exponent value.
You must initialize SB to −16 before issuing the first EXPADJ instruc-
tion in the series.
ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference 5-23
Shifter Instructions
STATUS FLAGS
Affected Flags–set or cleared by the operation Unaffected Flags
AZ, AN, AV, AC, AS, AQ, SS, MV, SV
For information on these status bits in the ASTAT register, see Table 2-2 on page 2-5.
DETAILS
This instruction operates in (HI) mode to derive the exponent. It works
on double-precision twos-complement input only. Possible values for the
result of the EXPADJ operation range from −15 to 0.
To derive the effective exponent for a block of numbers, you
1. Initialize the SB register to −16.
SB = −16;
This value falls below the range of possible exponent values.
2. For each number in the block, derive the effective exponent.
SB = EXPADJ DREGx;
For the first operation, the shifter derives the exponent and stores it
in SB.
For each subsequent operation, the shifter derives the exponent
and compares the new value with the current value of SB. If the
new value is greater than the current value, the shifter stores the
new value in SB, overwriting the old value. Otherwise, the shifter
discards the new value and the contents of SB remain unchanged.
At the end of the last EXPADJ operation, SB contains the exponent
of the number of largest magnitude in the block.
5-24 ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference
Exponent (Block) Adjust
3. Transfer the contents of SB to SE.
SE = SB;
SE now contains the shift code to use in subsequent NORM opera-
tions to normalize each of the numbers in the block. For details,
see “Normalize” on page 5-14.
Alternatively, you can save the exponent in a data register for use
later in your program.
EXAMPLES
/* Normalize double-precision twos complement data: */
AX1 = 0xF6D4; /* load hi 2s comp data in dreg */
AX0 = 0x04A2; /* load lo 2s comp data in dreg */
SB = -16; /* initialize SB */
SB = EXPADJ AX1;
SB = EXPADJ AX0;
SE = SB; /* load block adjusted exp */
SR = NORM AX1 (HI); /* normalize hi word */
SR = SR OR NORM AX0 (LO); /* normalize lo word */
SEE ALSO
• “Type 16: Shift Reg0” on page 9-38
• “Condition Code (CCODE) Register” on page 2-6
• “Mode Status (MSTAT) Register” on page 2-11
ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference 5-25
Shifter Instructions
Denormalization
FUNCTION
Denormalization is a shift function in which a predefined exponent
defines the amount and direction of the shift. In essence, denormalization
is a floating- to fixed-point conversion operation. It requires a series of
shifter operations:
• The EXP instruction to derive the exponent used for the shift code,
or SE explicitly loaded with the exponent value. SE must contain the
shift value; for denormalization, you cannot use ASHIFT/LSHIFT
with an immediate value.
• The ASHIFT instruction to shift a single-precision number or the
high word of a double-precision number.
• When denormalizing a double-precision number, the LSHIFT
instruction to shift the low word.
Denormalize a double-precision, twos-complement number:
MX1 = −3; /* generate shift code */
SE = MX1; /* load value in SE register */
AX1 = 0xB6A3; /* load high word of input */
AX0 = 0x765D; /* load low word of input */
SR = ASHIFT AX1(HI); /* arith shift high word */
SR = SR OR LSHIFT AX0(LO); /* logically shift low word */
You can reverse shift order, but you must always arithmetically shift the
high word of a double-precision number:
MX1 = −3; /* generate shift code */
SE = MX1; /* load value in SE register */
AX1 = 0xB6A3; /* load high word of input */
AX0 = 0x765D; /* load low word of input */
SR = LSHIFT AX0(LO); /* logically shift low word */
SR = SR OR ASHIFT AX1(HI); /* arith shift high word */
5-26 ADSP-219x Instruction Set Reference
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